PSAP Modulated Primary and Secondary Metabolism

Active phosphorus greatly influences photosynthesis and carbon metabolism. Under phosphate deficiency, the accumulation of carbohydrates in roots increases significantly, registering positive correlations among the concentration of phosphate in the environment, the concentrate of active phosphorus in the plant and the concentration of hexose phosphate in leaves, starch precursor molecule in chloroplasts and of sugar in cytosol.

With the addition of 5.0% of total P, in the form of active phosphorus, a significant increment in the concentration of total sugars during the blooming stage was observed. It is a positive effect, because a high concentration of total sugars in the plant leads to early production and increases yield. On the other hand, active phosphorus is a nutrient that has influence on the stability of the chlorophyll molecule. Leaves treated with high concentrations of active P and K turn dark green, indicating a possible change in the concentration of chlorophyll.

The role of active phosphorus and potash from PSAP in various metabolic processes of plants is complex and not yet fully understood. The responses of PSAP-treated plants are co related to various strategical mechanisms to authenticate its role further. Although there is no consensus so far on its physiological function as a P source for plant nutrition, experimental evidence has shown that active phosphorus can alleviate abiotic and biotic form of stress.

Active phosphorus and potash from PSAP play an important role in increasing plant resistance to abiotic stress. Potash from PSAP has a major role in the survival of crop plants under abiotic stress conditions. Active potash from PSAP has many essential roles in such physiological processes, as photosynthesis, translocation of photosynthates into sink organs, maintenance of turgidity and activation of enzymes under stress conditions.

Low-temperature stress affects the fluidity of membrane lipids, which may alter membrane structure. Low temperature also affects photosynthetic electron transport, stomatal conductance, rubisco activity, and CO2 fixation in plants due to conversion of 02 to ROS.

PSAP-treated plants can modulate a wide range of adaptive or resistance mechanisms to maintain productivity and ensure survival under a variety of environmental forms of stress such as drought, chilling, frost, high temperatures, soil salinity or sodicity and nutrients imbalance.

Spray Method in Sugarcane

Apply 12.5 to 15 Kg PSAP per Ha in 3 sprays

Spray starts in sugarcane at 6 to 7 leafs stage.

Spray sugarcane leafs inside out with 30 days interval

PSAP Spray Schedule

Prashant P. Nandargikar

Medha P. Nandargikar

Isha Agro Sciences Pvt. Ltd., earlier known as Isha Agro India in a span of few years has privileged to get connect with more than one Lakh and fifty thousand farmers from states like Maharashtra, Karnataka, Madhya Pradesh, Uttar Pradesh, Mizoram and Tamil Nadu. Farmers by applying PSAP in their cultivation practices and harvesting bumper yield by getting benefitted further from quality produce. Grower farmers those applying PSAP, are increasing in laps and bound every year. Isha Agro has team of 150 field officers reaching daily to the farmers to provide a solution through PSAP promotional activities.

Sales and Marketing Team

Indian Innovation

International Acclaims

Indigenous Manufacturing

Bio - active Nutrients and Stress Mitigation

Key Features

• PSAP is Research Molecule, the new bio-active phosphorus and potash formulation
• PSAP activates stress metabolism & improves sugarcane yield and quality in stress
• PSAP efficacy is reported by premier sugarcane institutes in various agri conditions
• It is proved that with split sprays of PSAP, increases sugarcane yield by 25 tons/ ha
• PSAP plays key role in sugar-ethanol production & improves recovery by 0.5% in ccs
• Farmer income increases by Rs. 73,750/ha with 1 : 4.0 return on PSAP investment
• 30% increment in mill receipts and 100% improvement in net profit benefits mill get

PSAP in Sugarcane

• In stress energy cycle in mitochondria gets disturbed. To improve photosynthesis
• and re-establish cycle in cellular respiration PSAP phosphorous plays role.
• Due to stress disturbance is created in enzymatic activities, leading to disorder in
• biosynthesis at molecular level and opt for the additional supply of K to recoup
• enzyme activities while gaining the efficacy in the metabolisms. K from PSAP
• fulfills its requirement.
• P and K get utilized in stress to maintain homeostasis balance much early. Split
• application of PSAP gain the normalcy in synthesis of primary and secondary
• metabolisms much early.
• Split applications of PSAP mitigate stress for longer period and eventually alleviates
• abiotic and biotic stress in growth cycle. Hence response of PSAP treated sugarcane
• remains uniform, increase in yield & improvement in recover.

Mode of Action

PSAP Reduces Pest and Disease Incidences by Boosting Immunity

The formation of tyloses involves a cost to the plant, as they not only block the spread of the pathogen but also reduce the translocation of water, possibly causing wilt symptoms. In PSAPtreated plants, recovery from such a situation is unique and lightening fast.

PSAP-treated crop plants: recovery, acclimation and adaption

Cold Stress

At higher temperature K helps to synthesize heat shock proteins (hsps) and scavenging ROS. The synergism of P & K from PSAP helps to activate CDPK (calcium dependent protein kinase) and MAPK (mitogen activated protein kinase) critical components of abiotic stress defense. K also helps to improve nitrogen use efficiency.

PSAP Mediated Mitigation of Abiotic Stress Sugarcane responds to chilling temperatures with dramatic alterations in photosynthesis, which is by far the most explored process in sugarcane for obvious reasons. The dynamics of soil P & K changes during plant growth and PSAP technology fulfils the timely physiological demands. Unlike N & P which are the essential component of biomolecules, adequate K is essential for regulating essential physiological processes and stress mitigating strategies.

Under frezing tolerance K from PSAP helps to induce synthesis of glycosylated antifreeze proteins and saturated fatty acids to overcome freezing induced dehydration

For instance, under chilling temperatures, the rate of photosynthesis is severely decreased. Furthermore, earlier studies carried out on leaves of a cold-sensitive cultivar revealed that important photosynthetic enzymes affected by chilling temperatures (10°C) include sucrose phosphate synthase, NADP-malate dehydrogenase and pyruvate orthophosphate dikinase, indicating a fundamental role of these enzymes in sugarcane subjected to low temperatures. It was also observed that chilling temperatures increased aspartate and alanine levels in the leaves of the cane plants.

The protective mechanisms in PSAP-treated sugarcane plants against chilling injury well be dependent on a complex antioxidant system. So far, the expression profiles of coldinducible genes have revealed proteins that are directly involved in chilling and freezing tolerance. For instance, one sugarcane EST encoding a putative xanthine dehydrogenase (XDH) was significantly induced after exposure to cold. XDH is a gene encoding a putative NAD-dependent dehydrogenase that involved in protection against oxidative stress due to such exposure.

High Temperature Stress

On the other hand, markedly higher temperatures also seem to affect sugarcane development in various ways. For example, sugarcane grown under high temperatures (40°C) showed a significant decline in shoot dry mass, increased tillering, early senescence and smaller internodes, probably due to a reduction in carbon partitioned to stored sucrose.

PSAP Mediated Mitigation of Abiotic Stress

Under submergence

The synergistic action of P & K helps to overcome the water stress effect.
Under submergence situation the K of PSAP activates NR ( Nitrate Reductanse ) and provide NO2 as a alternate subtract or electron sink in O2 deprivation which generates NO (nitric oxide). The NO regulates the electron flux through alternate dehydrogenase(s) and helps to sustain respiration.

UPCSR-GSSBRI, Seorahi tested the impact of split application of PSAP for two years in water logging situation at Eastern Uttar Pradesh and reported 24.4 tons/ha increased in sugarcane yield and recovery improvement of 0.5% in CCS.

Water Deficit Stress

Sugarcane is grown in almost all tropical and subtropical areas of the globe, including regions where water availability is limited or highly variable. Additionally, an increase in the frequency of a different kind of EI Nino, which is characterized by an anomalous increase in sea surface temperature (SST) in the central tropical pacific, flanked by colder regions in the west and east, may alter the distribution pattern of precipitation in important sugarcane-producing countries such as Australia, Brazil, India and China.

Under water deficit K from PSAP activates the accumulation of osmolytes and helps to induce antioxidative enzymes to counter the damaging effect of ROS (Reactive Oxygen Species) on biomolecules and membrane damage. The active P of PSAP helps to meet critical demand of the MAP kinases ( Mitogen Activated Protein )to induce transcriptional regulation. PSAP-treated sugarcane plants respond to drought is fundamental to improve crop management and water use efficiency and thus ensuring the viability of sugarcane cultivation. The first response of a plant to water deficit is reduction in growth. As the plant water potential decreases, photosynthetic rate also decreases. A key priority is to understand the biochemical changes that occur in photosynthesis when sugarcane is exposed to drought stress.

Some preliminary studies showed decreased activity of such enzymes such as ribulose 1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase (Rubisco), phosphoenol-pyruvate carboxylase (PEPC), NADP malic enzyme (NADP-ME) and PPDK, with the decline in leaf water potential, the impact of drought being more prominent on PPDK activity. Sugarcane is a C4 plant and as such has a CO2-concentrating mechanism, which provides, among other advantages, a reduction in photorespiration and higher water use efficiency when compared to C3 plant species. There is evidence that sugarcane utilizes two distinct forms of C4 metabolism, identified by the decarboxylation enzymes used: (NADP-ME) and phosphoenolpyruvate carboxy kinase (PEPCK), with PEPCK decarboxylation predominating over NADP-ME.

PSAP Mediated Mitigation of Abiotic Stress

Water Deficit Stress

Guangxi Academy of Agricultural Sciences – China.
Reported in ACS OMEGA Journal published by American Chemical Society, Role of PSAP in mitigating water stress: improvement of photosynthetic activities, growth & vigor of PSAP treated cane in stress.

The results revealed that the PSAP application is an efficient technique for improving the tolerance of sugarcane plants subjected to limited water irrigation (50% of reduction in require water). It also up-regulated the photosynthetic capacity by protecting the negative impacts of sugarcane plants during limited irrigation. Taken together, PSAP has a significant role in sugarcane cultivation under insufficient water availability for irrigation and its optimum dose will be supportive in mitigation of limited irrigation in a variety of crops for sugar and bio-energy sectors. The combination of P & K also greatly improved the photosynthetic activities and plant growth.

Toxic Metal Stress

The contamination of water, soil and sediments with toxic metals has been and will continue to be a major environmental problem that needs to be dealt with. Nowadays, it is being realized that apart from the intensive programmes and continuous efforts in plant breeding to increase sugarcane productivity, it is also necessary to deal with pollution caused by contaminated water, pesticides, fertilizers, sewage sludge, industrial residues and herbicides, which contain different concentrations of toxic metals. These metals can be taken up by the growing sugarcane, severely affecting plant development. In the past few years, a number of reports have focused on the effects of toxic metals on a wide range of plant species.

In one study, high concentrations of zinc (65 and 130 ppm) were shown to increase lipid peroxidation in sugarcane, thereby affecting membrane integrity of leaves, root growth and mitotic efficiency. The interference of Zn in normal mitosis could be related to inhibition of DNA synthesis. Moreover, excess Zn increased the content of photosynthetic pigments in leaf tissues of sugarcane, which could be related to a disturbed synthesis of proteins and nucleic acids. In metal stress due to excess cadmium, the antioxidant enzymes of sugarcane seedlings were affected in different ways showing a decrease in CAT activity and an increase in glutathione redutase (GR). Aluminum is a very commonly occurring metal and, due to its worldwide distribution in soils and in the earth's crust, deserves special attention, particularly if sugarcane is cultivated in Al-contaminated soils. When Al toxicity is considered, the compatible solutes trehalose, glycinebetaine and proline can be indicators of the interaction between drought and acidity stress in soil.

However, PSAP treated sugarcane perform better in any kind of soil. More comprehensive view has to be taken and must necessarily include studies on gene expression, protein translation and enzyme activity associated with nutrient uptake and mental tolerance.

PSAP Modulated Primary and Secondary Metabolism

• 'K’ activates at least sixty enzymes involved in plant growth. Enzymes serve as catalysts for biochemical reactions, being used but not consumed in the process. They bring together other molecules to ensure that the required chemical reaction can take place. Potash from PSAP promotes enzyme activity more efficiently than conventional K+ ion.


• PSAP potash changes the physical shape of the enzyme molecule, exposing the appropriate chemically active sites for reaction in stress. Synergetic potash from PSAP seems to have a major role in alleviating stress.


• PSAP potash helps to stabilize the pH between 6 and 7 which is optimum for most enzyme reactions e.g. optimum pH of plasma membrane F1 - AT Pase is 6.0


• Potash is required at every major step in protein synthesis. The reading of genetic code in plant cells to produce proteins and enzymes that regulate all growth processes is possible with adequate ‘K’. PSAP potash adds value to ‘K’ assimilation in crops.

PSAP Modulated Primary and Secondary Metabolism

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Impact of PSAP on a plant in terms of metabolites produced

(light yellow : primary metabolites and gray : secondary metabolites)

Primary metabolites such as amino acids, proteins, nucleotides, carbohydrates and lipids have a direct role in the plant metabolic processes of respiration, photosynthesis and use of nutrients through assimilation, transport and translocation. These primary metabolites are involved in plant growth, vigour and maturity.

A plant also produces secondary metabolites, which include of toxic chemicals and pathogen-degrading enzymes and can kill plant cell. Production of secondary metabolites is very expensive as it makes great demands on energy and nutrients. Many times, under stressful conditions, growth is compromised to ensure survival.

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PSAP Future of Sugarcane Business

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Company manufactures PSAP with safety follows stringent quality norms.
PSAP gets pack on highly precision packaging machines in control atmosphere.

In 2012-13, install capacity increased to 4 TPD during revamping of plant.In year 2016–17, in second phase of expansion capacity become 10 TPD.